<p>The Knoxville Iron Company was an iron production and coal mining company that operated primarily in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, and its vicinity, in the late 19th and 20th centuries. The company was Knoxville&#39;s first major post-Civil War manufacturing firm, and played a key role in bringing heavy industry and railroad facilities to the city. The company was also the first to conduct major coal mining operations in the lucrative coalfields of western Anderson County, and helped establish one of Knoxville&#39;s first residential neighborhoods, Mechanicsville, in the late 1860s.</p><br>
<p>During the 1890s and early 1900s, the Knoxville Iron Company was involved in two key events in the history of Tennessees labor movement. The first came in 1891, when the companys Anderson County coal mines were among the targets of striking miners during the Coal Creek War.</p><br>
<p>The Knoxville Iron Company continued operating in some capacity or another until 1987. The company&#39;s mill is still used by Commercial Metals Company to recycle and manufacture steel rebar.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>During the Civil War, Confederate forces moved a small iron foundry from Loudon to Knoxville, but were unable to produce any iron, due in part to their lack of understanding of iron working processes. When Union forces occupied Knoxville in late 1863, Hiram Chamberlain (1835&ndash;1916), a Union officer from Ohio, and S.T. Atkins, a local manufacturer, managed to get the foundry in working order. Chamberlain remained in Knoxville after the war, and he and Atkins continued operating the foundry.</p><br>
<p>Noting the largely untouched ore deposits in the hills around Knoxville, Chamberlain decided to develop a large-scale iron works in the city. He recruited Welsh-born ironmasters Joseph, David, and William Richards, who in turn brought in other Welsh immigrants skilled in iron production. much of it supplied by wealthy Anderson County farmer J. S. Ross. The Knoxville Iron Company was formally organized on February 1, 1868.</p><br>
<h3>Expansion, 1870-1900</h3><br>
<p>To provide fuel for its foundry, Knoxville Iron began mining coal in the Coal Creek Valley of eastern Anderson County, shortly after the area acquired railroad access in 1866. The company expanded its Knoxville mill in the 1870s, most notably with the addition of a nail factory in 1875. By 1895, Knoxville Irons mill was producing over 15,000 tons of iron per year, and employed over 200 workers. The companys products included bar iron, railroad spikes, channel iron, and track rails for use in mines. The company was also a major producer of coal, which it mined at its Coal Creek mines.</p><br>
<p>Along with Welsh immigrants, the company employed a large number of African American laborers. To house its workforce, the company expanded McGhees Addition, a neighborhood just west of its mill. McGhees Addition subsequently became known as "Mechanicsville," the word "mechanic" during this period referring to skilled factory workers. The company also opened a subsidiary, Harriman Rolling Mills, in Harriman, Tennessee, which by 1900 had become that city&#39;s largest employer.</p><br>
<h3>Coal Creek War</h3><br>
<p>Knoxville Iron initially used free labor at its Anderson County coal mine, but as production was continuously interrupted by strikes and other labor disputes, the company started using convict labor in 1878. In spite of the dispute, Knoxville Iron continued using convict labor until Tennessee ended convict leasing in 1896.</p><br>
<h3>Knoxville Iron Company v. Harbison</h3><br>
<p>In 1899, Tennessee passed a law barring companies from paying employees in scrip. While Knoxville Iron paid its employees in cash, it allowed employees to accept payday advances in store or coal credits. Shortly after the law was passed, a securities dealer named Samuel Harbison purchased several hundred coal credits from Knoxville Iron employees for 85 cents on the dollar. When he attempted to redeem these for cash, the company refused to pay them. Harbison sued, arguing their refusal violated the state&#39;s anti-scrip law. After a Knox County chancery court ruled in favor of Harbison, Knoxville Iron filed an appeal challenging the state law, arguing the law violated the right to contract.</p><br>
<p>The Tennessee Supreme Court upheld the chancery courts ruling, and Knoxville Iron appealed to the USA Supreme Court. In 1901, the Supreme Court upheld (7-2) the lower courts ruling. The majority opinion, authored by Justice George Shiras, acknowledged the abridgement of contract rights, but nevertheless agreed the law was a legitimate exercise of state policing powers to promote order. Edward Terry Sanford, a future Supreme Court justice, argued the case on behalf of Knoxville Iron.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1903, Knoxville Iron constructed a newer, larger mill in Lonsdale, a millworkers town on what was then Knoxvilles periphery. Commercial Metals Company, the mill&#39;s current owner, still uses the mill to manufacture rebar. As of 2005, the mill employed 250 workers, and produced 509,000 tons of steel products annually.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>The success of the Knoxville Iron Company helped attract heavy industry and railroad maintenance facilities to Knoxville. By 1886, several major manufacturing companies, including two large foundries, two textile mills, a rail car works, and rail car wheel company, were operating in the city. The iron industry declined in importance in Knoxville in the 1890s and 1900s, as steel and railroad companies demanded a higher-quality ore than the kind typically found in East Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>During the 1920s, Knoxville Iron general manager Willis P. Davis and his wife, Ann, first proposed the establishment of what would eventually become the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. In 1982, Knoxville Irons 1870s-era nail factory, the last surviving building from its original Second Creek Valley complex, was renovated for use as an event center in the 1982 Worlds Fair. This building, now known as The Foundry, has since been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Captain Jonathan Stone House is a historic residence in the city of Belpre, Ohio, United States. Built just ten years after Belpre&#39;s 1789 establishment on the north bank of the Ohio River, it is the oldest existing building in the city.</p><br>
<p>Born in 1751, Jonathan Stone joined the Continental Army early in the American Revolutionary War. After the Treaty of Paris, he moved to the Belpre vicinity. He and his family built a fortification on their land during a war with local Native Americans in the early 1790s; it was known as "Stones Fort." As the Belpre region developed, Stone became a leading member of the areas society; he was elected treasurer of Washington County, and he was one of the three commissioners chosen to survey lands for the future Ohio University in Athens to the west.</p><br>
<p>Stones house in Belpre is a two-story structure; except for a small wing on the rear northwestern corner, it is a rectangular building. The entire structure rests on a foundation of sandstone, and it is covered by a metal roof. Among its owners since Stone have been Dr. Thomas and Janet Barrett. At some point after Stones life, the house was moved to its present location at 612 Blennerhassett Avenue. In 1978, the Stone House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its historically significant architecture; it was seen as historic because of its place as a rare surviving example of Ohios earliest residential architecture. It is one of four Belpre locations on the Register, along with the Charles Rice Ames House, the Sixth Street Railroad Bridge, and Spencers Landing.</p><br>
<p>Capt. Jonathan&#39;s son, Colonel John Stone, was another occupant of the house. He was an abolitionist with a bounty on his head offered by defenders of slavery in the state of Virginia; he therefore did not cross the river to Parkersburg (in what is now West Virginia) for more than 20 years. He is known to have "spirited many escaped slaves northward toward Canada".</p><br>
<p>The Blue Sulphur Springs Pavilion is a historic Greek Revival structure in Blue Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, United States. The Pavilion is the only surviving structure from the Blue Sulphur Springs Resort, a 19th-century mineral spa, and was built to shelter the sulphur spring at the resort. The Pavilion consists of twelve columns holding up a square roof, and is primarily built with brick. It was built in 1834 along with the resort and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Blue Sulphur Springs Pavilion is built on a square foundation, with sides measuring 32 feet and 10 inches. The foundation is brick with stone facing. Twelve columns rest on the foundation, giving the Pavilion an open structure; the columns are of a modified Doric order and are built of brick covered in plaster. The frieze of the Pavilion is undecorated and made of clapboard, and the cornices are plain; the simplicity of the structure here reflects its shelter-like nature. The Pavilion is topped with a four-sided hipped roof with clapboard pediments. A marble basin sits inside the Pavilion. The sulphur spring flows into the basin at a rate of 6 gallons per minute and a temperature of 58 degrees Fahrenheit. The Pavilion is the only resort pavilion in West Virginia and one of few rural structures built in the Greek Revival style. In his 1846 book on mineral springs, William Burke described the Pavilion as "well-designed but badly executed" and referred to the fountain inside as "one of the most beautiful objects imaginable."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pavilion was constructed in 1834, the year the Blue Sulphur Springs Resort opened. George Washington Buster constructed the resort; it was named Blue Sulphur Springs for the iridescent color of the springs. The original resort included, along with the Pavilion, a three-story hotel with 200 rooms and a bathhouse. The resort was visited by several noteworthy guests in the 1840s, including Robert E. Lee, Henry Clay, and Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren. The resort was a prime spot for the promotion of relaxation and health, as the sulphur spring at the resort was considered to be a remedy for numerous diseases. Blue Sulphur Springs Resort began to decline in the 1850s due to competition from other resorts such as The Greenbrier and an economic downturn. The resort closed in 1859 and became Allegheny College, a school for Baptist ministers; the college closed in 1861. The resort buildings were used by both sides in the Civil War as a camp and hospital. In 1864, the Union Army burned the resort to prevent the Confederate Army from utilizing them; only the Pavilion survived the fire.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Blue Sulphur Springs Pavilion is located in a valley at the junction of the Kitchen Creek and Sawmill Hollow valleys. It is located in the region of thermal mineral springs in the Appalachian Mountains, and is one of several mineral springs in the area. The Pavilion is located in a rural landscape, and offers views of the surrounding valley. William Burke described the landscape surrounding the Blue Sulphur Springs Resort as "a beautiful valley", though he complained that the designer of the resort had blocked the view with buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Alex Seitaniemi Housebarn is a rare surviving example of a log housebarn constructed by Finnish Americans, located in Waasa Township, Minnesota, United States. It was built in two stages from about 1907 to about 1913. The housebarn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 for its national significance in the themes of architecture and European ethnic heritage. It was nominated for being an example of a rare building type and for embodying the settlement and traditional log architecture of rural St. Louis County&#39;s Finnish American farmers.</p><br>
<p>The Seitaniemi Housebarn is owned and maintained by SISU Heritage Inc., a non-profit organization based in nearby Embarrass, Minnesota. It is a primary stop on the Finnish-American Homestead Tours offered in summers through the Embarrass Information Center.</p><br>
<h2>Earliest history</h2><br>
<p>The builder, Alex Seitaniemi, was an emigrant from Sodankylä, a small village in northern Finland. He worked in Ely, Minnesota, and later bought a parcel of land of 80 acre. He built the housebarn in two stages from 1907 through 1913, with a two-story living quarters and the horse barn. The farm produced hay, oats, and potatoes, and they also kept dairy cows until some time after World War II, when the USA Department of Agriculture mandated the use of concrete floors in dairy barns for sanitary reasons.</p><br>
<h2>Seitaniemi Family</h2><br>
<p>Seitaniemi and his wife had a daughter and two sons, Bill and Knute. Bill and Knute never married. Knute lived in the house until he died in his 50s or 60s, while Bill lived in the house until the late 1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Seitaniemi built the housebarn in two stages from 1907 through 1913, with a two-story living quarters and the horse barn. Combining the house and barn in one building provided advantages. The heat from livestock kept the house warm, and constructing one building instead of several separate buildings conserved timber and the need to move it. The compact design also leaves more room available for farming and grazing.</p><br>
<h2>New owners</h2><br>
<p>The property was bought by Carol and Larry Schaefer of Ely, who were interested in the land for hunting. As they got to know the history of the housebarn, they became interested in seeing its restoration. They donated the housebarn to Sisu Heritage, a local organization that provides tours of buildings and homesteads in the area. Sisu Heritage received a $60,500 grant from the Minnesota Historical and Cultural Grants program to stabilize the structure. One of the unusual aspects of the project involved stabilizing the foundation. Unlike many typical foundations, which go 6 ft below ground level to avoid frost damage, the Seitaniemi building had footings of dry-stacked stone. This method allows the building to ride out frost heaves while still being locked together.</p><br>
<p>The Russell Theatre is a building in Maysville, Kentucky that was originally intended as a movie theater but has since been adapted for other uses. Construction of the Russell Theatre was announced by Maysville businessman Col. J. Russell Barbour in 1928. The structure costing $125,000 opened on December 4, 1930, with a showing of the movie Whoopee! starring Eddie Cantor. The building site was previously occupied by wholesale grocery warehouses.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The structure is a freestanding, three-story building with a 80 ft by 165 ft rectangular footprint with an area of about 13,000 ft&sup2;. The exterior features a Spanish-Moorish Revival style with a tower on either end of the principal facade. The box office is finished in Rookwood tile. Although constructed as a movie theater, the Russell did have dressing rooms for live performers and an orchestra pit. The auditorium was decorated as a Mediterranean garden complete with Lombardy poplar and literary busts set into wall niches. A rainbow would appear over the stage at the end of the movie.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Col. Russell operated the theater until 1935 at which time operations were turned over to the Schine group. In 1953, the Russell theater presented the world premiere of Maysville native Rosemary Clooney&#39;s movie The Stars Are Singing. In the early 1970s, the Panther Group took over operations and repainted much of the jewel toned decoration with bright primary colors. The Panther Group continued to operate the theatre until 1983. In subsequent years, the building was used as a restaurant, a used furniture store, a used clothing store, and a newspaper utility building before its eventual close.</p><br>
<p>After its abandonment, strong storm winds ripped off a roof section and the damage was not immediately repaired. The interior plaster work was extensively damaged by subsequent exposure to rain. In 1995, a committee was formed to restore the building. The roof was repaired and the exterior appearance has been restored, but interior restoration is not complete.</p><br>
<p>Endicott Rock is a state park located on the shore of Lake Winnipesaukee in the Weirs Beach village of Laconia, New Hampshire. Its principal attraction is a large rock originally in the lake that was incised with lettering in 1652 by surveyors for the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The rock provides definitive evidence of one of the earliest incursions of Europeans into the area.</p><br>
<p>For many years the rocks existence was unknown, until it was rediscovered in the 19th century when the Weirs Channel was dredged. The state then undertook to protect the rock from the elements, building a pavilion over it and stabilizing cracks in the rock with iron fittings. The markings on the rock include "IOHN ENDICUT GOV", a reference to John Endecott, who was then governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the initials of the surveyors. The colonys boundaries, according to its charter, were 3 mi north of the Merrimack River, and the rock was incorrectly believed by the English party to mark the northernmost head of the river (the headwaters of the Merrimack&#39;s main tributary, the Pemigewasset River, are significantly further north, but the survey party was misled by its Indian guides).</p><br>
<p>Admission to the small park is free and offers picnic facilities. (The parking fee in the immediate vicinity is $10.) Materials from the New Hampshire Division of Parks and Recreation sometimes identify the site as a historic site, and sometimes as a state park. A rectangular area surrounding the rock and its sheltering pavilion were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Soulsby Service Station is a historic service station in Mount Olive, Illinois. The station is located along historic USA Route 66 and is the oldest usable service station on the highway in Illinois. It serves as an example of the house and canopy gas station design.</p><br>
<p>Henry Soulsby built the station in 1926 after an injury forced him to leave the mining industry and operated it along with his children Russell and Ola Soulsby. His son Russell, a World War II naval communications technician, operated a radio and TV repair business out of the station as Interstate 55 diverted highway traffic away from the site in the late 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The station stopped pumping gas in 1991 and closed in 1993; plans currently exist to reopen it as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The Globe Building, Beebe Building and the Hotel Cecil are a trio of historic office/hotel buildings located in Downtown Seattle, Washington, United States. The buildings occupy the entire west side of the 1000 block of 1st Avenue between Madison and Spring streets. The three buildings were constructed from late 1900 to 1901 for Syracuse-based investors Clifford Beebe and William Nottingham by the Clise Investment Company, headed by businessman James Clise , as a result of the Alaska Gold Rush which fueled the construction of many such buildings in downtown Seattle.</p><br>
<p>All three buildings were designed in Italian Renaissance Style for Clise by Max Umbrecht (1872–1955), a mostly residential architect who came to Seattle around 1900 from Syracuse, New York where he had worked briefly in the firm of Jeffery & Umbrecht. The two Northern buildings, both known at times as the Beebe buildings were built by Clise for owner Clifford D. Beebe, also of Syracuse while the Globe Building was built by Clise for William Nottingham&#39;s Globe Navigation Company.</p><br>
<p>This group of buildings consist of the last contiguous block of 1900s buildings on 1st Avenue between the Pioneer Square district and the Pike Place Market. Following a major restoration in early 1982, the buildings were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1983, the buildings were collectively listed as Seattle City Landmarks under the title "First Avenue Groups/Waterfront Center".</p><br>
<p>Since September 10, 1982, the buildings have been operated as the Alexis Hotel, operated by Sonesta Hotels.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Site</h3><br>
<p>Prior to the Great Seattle fire in 1889, the 1000 block of 1st Avenue, like most property on the west side of that street at the time, was mostly water, with several small buildings built on pilings. In 1884, the most substantial structure on the site was a two-story wood frame building on the Northwest corner of 1st and Madison with an adjoining warehouse. Further up the block were several small stores and a single dwelling where Spring Street would later extend. Of note at the time was the existence of an inclined plane that ran up the north side of Madison Street to 1st. This ramp was to be used for rolling fire engines to collect water for fighting fires. By 1888 the block was filled with warehouses and small manufacturing businesses including a mattress factory.</p><br>
<p>After the great fire, not much was built on the 1000 block and nothing more would be built as the Panic of 1893 took hold of the economy. 1893 Sanborn Maps show only the one-story brick building (filling the footprint of the Globe Building) with a double basement occupying the Northwest corner of 1st and Madison built by Jensen & Koch immediately after the fire. The Seattle Brass Foundry occupied a small brick building behind it. Seattle was brought out of the depression with the discovery of gold in the Yukon in 1897. The city soon became a major supply point for prospectors on their way to the gold fields which resulted in a large building boom.</p><br>
<h3>Hotel Cecil and Beebe Building</h3><br>
<p>The 6-story Hotel Cecil and 4-story Beebe Buildings were both built by the Clise Investment Co. for Syracuse, New York resident and capitalist Clifford D. Beebe, a member of the executive committee of the Seattle Lighting Company and a stockholder in several of Clises interests. Construction began in late 1900 and was completed on both buildings by late 1901. The 6-story building cost $100,000 while the 4-story building, finished last, cost $65,000. The first tenants of the buildings ground and second level (as well as its two sub-basements) was the prominent Z.C. Miles & Piper Company, a home furnishing store begun in Seattle in 1870.</p><br>
<p>From construction, the buildings upper floors were interconnected to serve as a hotel, the first of several being the Hotel Waldorf. Soon after opening it was renamed the Hotel Cecil (after the Hotel Cecil in London). In November 1909, the buildings owners hired Umbrecht, now in the firm of Spalding & Umbrecht, to completely remodel the two building&#39;s interiors.</p><br>
<p>After operating sporadically for several years as the McFarland Hotel, it came under new management in 1921 and was reopened as the New Arlington Hotel, named after the Arlington Hotel located two blocks north owned by the same people. At the same time, a hotel named The New Cecil Hotel opened on Third Avenue. As the New Arlington Hotel, it catered to businessmen as well as transients and offered telephones and hot and cold running water in each of its 200 rooms, a luxury by the day&#39;s standards.</p><br>
<h3>Globe Building</h3><br>
<p>The Globe Building, or Globe Block as it was sometimes known, was constructed in 1901 by James Clise for Syracuse investor William Nottingham for Clises newly formed shipbuilding operation, the Globe Navigation Company to which Nottingham held a large interest. Nottingham and Clise filed a permit for a four-story building at the Northwest corner of 1st Avenue and Madison Street in March 1901, replacing the single-story brick Jensen-Koch Building. The buildings upper floors originally contained 38 offices each. Upon completion of the building in November 1901, Clise relocated his main offices there from the Pacific Block in Pioneer Square, soon to be followed by many other tenants from that building, reflecting the northward migration of Seattles business core. Besides the offices of the Globe Navigation and Clise investment Companies, other early upstairs tenants included the Pacific Packing and Navigation Company, The Seattle News-Letter office, The New York Commercial Co. and the Centennial Mill Co. Architect Max Umbrecht moved his own offices into the building upon completion. He was soon joined in the building by up and coming architect John Graham, who would eventually rise to be one of Seattles greatest 20th century architects. In the corner office of the first floor, Clise opened the Washington Trust Company, which would later merge with the Dexter Horton Bank which would become part of Seafirst Bank.</p><br>
<p>The Globe Building was the center of James Clises business empire until 1917 when he built the much larger Securities Building uptown. Upon its completion, he moved all of his companys offices to the new building. Following his departure, the tenants of the building began to reflect the working-class population of the area. Pawn shops, restaurants and a public market occupied the lower floors at various times.</p><br>
<p>Tulip Grove is an antebellum house built in 1836 for Andrew Jackson Donelson, who was the nephew of Andrew Jackson. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>While Andrew Jackson was still president in 1834, Andrew Jackson Donelson decided to build Tulip Grove on land near the Hermitage. He enlisted Nashville master builders William C. Hume and Joseph Reiff, who were working on rebuilding the Hermitage mansion after a fire, to undertake the construction.</p><br>
<p>The house was completed in 1836 with the original name of "Poplar Grove." Former president Martin Van Buren allegedly suggested Donelson rename it Tulip Grove during a visit in 1842.</p><br>
<p>In April 1858, Donelson sold the property to wool producer Mark R. Cockrill. Other owners included Thomas O. Treanor and Mary Andrews Treanor, whose daughter, the painter Mayna Treanor Avent (1868–1959), was born there.</p><br>
<h2>Lawsuit</h2><br>
<p>In 1914, Charles Buntin and Jane Berry Buntin purchased the home and surrounding property. On March 11, 1964, Jane Buntin deeded the mansion and 26.33 acres surrounding it to the Ladies&#39; Hermitage Association (LHA), now known as the Andrew Jackson Foundation. In return, the LHA agreed to pay Buntin, "her heirs and assigns, for a period of ninety-nine (99) years from and after March 1, 1964 one-third (1/3) of all gate receipts received by Grantee from visitors to Tulip Grove House located on said land, which payments are to be made on a monthly basis."</p><br>
<p>From 1965 to 2001, the LHA paid the Buntin family over $300,000 from ticket sales. In 2001, the LHA discontinued the tours, citing their lack of profitability, and began using Tulip Grove as an event space. This change resulted in the Buntin family receiving a $1,200 annual payment instead of a portion of ticket sales. In 2007, members of the Buntin family filed suit against the LHA for breach of contract.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the Tennessee Court of Appeals upheld a lower court ruling that the LHA had not breached the contract, but it also ruled that the Buntin family was due a portion of revenue generated by special events held at Tulip Grove.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Tulip Grove is representative of the antebellum Greek Revival style that was popular before the American Civil War. It consists of two main stories, a basement, and an attic.</p><br>
<h2>Tulip Grove Gallery</h2><br>
<p>Bridge No. 1132 is an open-spandrel concrete arch bridge carrying the two-lane Connecticut Route 80 across the Hammonasset River, between Killingworth and Madison, Connecticut. Built in 1934, it is one of a small number of open-spandrel concrete bridges in the state, and was noted for its aesthetics at the time of its construction. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Bridge No. 1132 is located in western Killingworth and eastern Madison, spanning the Hammonasset River south of Lake Hammonasset. The bridge spans a steep wooded ravine, with its main arch spanning 100 ft. There are three concrete girder spans on each side of the main arch, giving the structure an overall length of 231 ft. The road deck is 30 ft wide, but the arches supporting it are only 20 ft apart, with concrete ribs projecting to the sides of the arches for additional support. There are eight supporting concrete beams rising in each spandrel area of the arches.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was designed by the Connecticut Highway Department and built by the Osborn-Barnes Construction Company of Danbury, Connecticut, in 1934. It was highlighted by the Highway Department for its scenic location. The state typically only built open-spandrel bridges for particularly long spans, or sites such as this one with steep sides. This bridge replaced an older one that had been located further down the ravine; its construction thus eliminated steep approaches on what is a major east–west roadway. and</p><br>
<p>The Elisha Bushnell House is a historic house at 1445 Boston Post Road in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. With a construction history dating to 1678, it is one of Connecticut&#39;s oldest surviving buildings, exhibiting an evolutionary construction history. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Elisha Bushnell House is located in western Old Saybrook, on the north side of Boston Post Road (United States Route 1) opposite its junction with Baum Avenue. It is a -story timber-framed structure, with a gabled roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. It has a shedroof ell extending to the right, and a rear sloping section that gives the house a classic saltbox profile. The exterior carries no significant stylisting elements, with simple cornerboards framing the openings and building corners, and a shed-roof portico sheltering the main entrance. The interior includes a number of elements important in deciphering the building&#39;s construction history, and has some features typically seen only in very old houses, such as basement and attic stairs built into the masonry of the massive central chimney.</p><br>
<p>The house has been documented by J. Frederick Kelly, an important Connecticut architectural historian, as dating from 1678. When built by Elisha Bushnell in 1678, it consisted of two rooms, one on either side of the chimney, with a loft space above. Later alterations (all before the turn of the 19th century, and probably in the early 18th century), included raising the roof to add a second story, and adding the rear leanto section.</p><br>
<p>The property includes two outbuildings, a 19th-century barn and another single-story building called the "Slave House".</p><br>
<p>The Fred W. Meier Round Barn was a historic building located near Ludlow in rural Allamakee County, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1912 by Fred W. Meier. The building was a true round barn that measures 56 ft in diameter. The bottom half of the barn was constructed in stone and featured red horizontal siding, 2-pitch conical roof, aerator and an internal wood stave silo. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The structure was destroyed in a thunderstorm during the night of July 27, 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Reburn Polygonal Barn is an historic building located near New Albin in rural Allamakee County, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1914 as a beef cattle barn. The building measures 46 ft in diameter. It is a 12-sided structure that features red vertical siding and a silo that extends one story through the roof. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Rebecca Rankin Round Barn is a historic round barn in the far eastern part of the USA state of Indiana. Located along State Road 18 in far northern Jay County, the barn is one of many built throughout the state during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Its distinctive manner of construction has resulted in its designation as a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Round barns in Indiana</h2><br>
<p>Due to the invention of circular silos with elevators by 1882, round barns began to become practical in the late nineteenth century. Trade magazines soon began to make this technology more widely known, and farmers began to embrace this technology by building their barns around their silos. Moreover, farmers found that circular barns were more efficient, because they had no need to walk from end to end of the building multiple times when feeding their animals. As farmers and professors at land-grant universities in different states began to advocate the construction of round barns, Indiana farmers became aware of this trend; 152 round barns were constructed in the state between 1889 and 1936, of which 77 survived into the 1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Rankin Barn</h2><br>
<p>The Rankin Barn was constructed under the leadership of Benton Steele and Cameron Watt in 1908, One other round barn was constructed in Jay County; known as the Holdcraft Round Barn, it was built in 1913 along the present State Road 1. In 1985, Indiana state historic preservation officials surveyed the entirety of Jay County to record historic buildings in communities and in rural areas; the Rankin Barn was one of nearly 750 places in the county to be deemed historic, but one of only 82 to receive the highest rank, that of "outstanding."</p><br>
<p>In 1993, the Rankin Barn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Although the 1985 survey&#39;s definition of "outstanding" included possible eligibility for inclusion on the Register, the Rankin Barn is one of only eight Jay County locations to be accorded this distinction.</p><br>
<p>The Decatur County Courthouse is a historic courthouse building located at Greensburg, Decatur County, Indiana. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It is best known for having a growing tree on its roof.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original courthouse was built in the 1820s when a log building was erected. On May 14, 1822, the first board of directors of the court met at the house of Thomas Hendricks, the owner of the double log building. A few years later, a small brick building, measuring two stories high and forty feet square, was built on the public square. Court was held in this structure until 1855. Building of the present structure commenced in 1850; it was completed in 1861, at a cost of $100,000. At the time, it was called the finest courthouse in the state.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1870s, it was noticed that a tree was growing on the roof. Soon four more trees were counted on the roof of the one hundred and ten foot steeple. This rapid growth of trees raised fears among county officials that permanent damage would be caused to the tower. In 1888, a steeplejack was hired to help workers scale the building and remove a few of the shrubs. Of the two trees left, one eventually reached a height of fifteen feet, with a base diameter of five inches. At some point, another tree began to grow on the southeast corner of the tower and reached a large height within a few years. As this tree was growing, another tree sprung up on the southwest corner.</p><br>
<p>The exact species of these trees has been a matter of debate. The Smithsonian Institution stated that the trees were large-tooth aspens, but a more recent study by Purdue University foresters has showed that the current tree is a mulberry.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, a renovation and expansion of the courthouse took place on the north end of the building. The floorspace of the building was more than doubled. At that time, the stucco that covered the building was removed and the original brick facing was revealed.</p><br>
<p>The Ransom B. Shelden House is a private house located at 1304 College Avenue in Houghton, Michigan. It is currently used as the Tau Kappa Epsilon  fraternity house. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Ransom B. Shelden Jr.</h2><br>
<p>In 1852, Ransom B. Shelden Sr. arrived in Houghton, opening the first store in the area and platting the section that would become the village of Houghton in 1861. Shelden began several copper mines in the area and, in 1865, established the First National Bank of Houghton.</p><br>
<p>Ransom B. Shelden Jr. was born on June 10, 1852, the same year his father arrived in Houghton. Ransom Jr. attended both the Genesee and Mount Pleasant Military Academies in New York, then went to work for his father. He also became a clerk for the Deputy United States Collector. Shelden married Cordelia A. Paull; the couple had two sons.</p><br>
<h2>House history</h2><br>
<p>In 1893, Ransom B. Shelden Jr. purchased several lots on College Avenue from his fathers copper company. By 1896, he had built this Queen Anne house for his family. However, the Sheldens lived in the house only for a short time; in 1898 Ransom Jr. sold the house to John H. Rice and moved to California. Rice was the president of the First National Bank, a founder of Houghton Chamber of Commerce in 1919, and a director of other Upper Peninsula businesses such as the Copper Range Railroad and Ontonogans Belt Mines. John Rice&#39;s family owned the house until 1941. The house was resold several times, and in 1969 the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity purchased the home; it has since been used as a fraternity house by students at the nearby Michigan Technological University.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Ransom B. Shelden Jr. House is a three-and-one-half-story structure Queen Anne house, with an asymmetrical facade. The house retains its original wood siding, with fish scale shingles on the upper stories, and rough-cut sandstone forming the front porch. The house features an octagonal tower and multiple projecting gables; the front gable has gingerbreaded vergeboards, and the side opening gables have diagonal stick trim.</p><br>
<p>The James Greer McQuilkin Round Barn is a historic building located near Eagle Center in rural Benton County, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1918 for James Greer McQuilkin. He farmed and sold barns that were designed by Johnston Brothers&#39; Clay Works. The building is a true round barn that measures 60 ft in diameter. The barn is constructed of clay tile and features a hay dormer on the north side. The structure does not have a cupola, but has a silo that rises from the center. A new metal roof was added in 1998. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Round Barn, Bruce Township Section 3 is located in Bruce Township, Benton County, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1910 for use as a cattle barn. The building is a true round barn that measures 60 ft in diameter. The barn is constructed of clay tile and features a conical roof. The structure does not have a cupola, but there is a silo that rises through the center. There is also a round machine shed on the same property. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Round Barn, Bruce Township Section 6 was located in Bruce Township, Benton County, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1914 as a general purpose barn. The building was a true round barn that measured 60 ft in diameter. The barn was constructed of clay tile from the Johnston Brothers&#39; Clay Works and it featured a conical roof. The structure did not have a cupola, but there was a silo that rose from the center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The barn has subsequently been torn down.</p><br>
<p>The C.A. Rownd Round Barn is a historic building located in Cedar Falls, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1911 by C.A. Rownd. It is constructed of ashlar-faced blocks that Rownd manufactured on the site. The barn was featured in the April 1912 edition of The Farm Cement News, which was published by Universal Portland Cement. The building is a true round barn that measures 83 ft in diameter. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Round Barn, Washington Township is a historic building located south of Janesville, Iowa in Black Hawk County, United States. It was built in 1917 as a dairy barn. The building is a true round barn that measures 60 ft in diameter. The structure is constructed in clay tile and features an aerator and a two-pitch roof. It was built around a silo with a water tank on top of it. While that is typical of this type of structure, it is the only one known to exist in Iowa. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Erza McKenzie Round Barn is a historic building located near Hazleton in rural Buchanan County, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1922 by Erza McKenzie for a dairy barn. The building is a true round barn that measures 70 ft in diameter. The barn is constructed of clay tile and features small cupolas on the west, southwest and south sides of the structure. The building features a two-pitch roof and a central silo. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Kirkpatrick Round Barn is a historic building located near Coggon in rural Delaware County, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1919 by Robert Kirkpatrick on his own farm. The building is a true round barn that measures 60 ft in diameter. The barn is constructed of clay tiles and features a two-pitch roof with a large hay dormer on the east side and two smaller dormers on the west and north. It is one of 16 clay tile barns that were based on a design from the Johnson Brothers Clay Works in Fort Dodge, Iowa. The use of hollow clay tile is a distinctive trait in the construction of Iowa&#39;s round barns. For many years it was used as a dairy barn before becoming a horse barn. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Round Barn, Dubuque Township is a historic building located in Dubuque Township in Dubuque County, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1915 as a dairy barn. The building is a true round barn that measures 60 ft in diameter. The structure is constructed in clay tile from the Johnston Brothers&#39; Clay Works and it features a windowed cupola and dormers on the north and west sides.</p><br>
<p>The Steele Dunning Historic District is a neighborhood and historic district in Bloomington, Indiana, United States. Composed of small, single- or double-family houses, the district includes houses built from the late nineteenth century through the middle of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Steele Dunning is located on Bloomingtons west side, north of the older Prospect Hill neighborhood. In the earliest years of white settlement of Bloomington, the land presently occupied by the neighborhood was part of a farm once owned by Paris C. Dunning, once Governor of Indiana. Dunnings house, known as the Blair-Dunning House, sits immediately southeast of Steele Dunning; among its owners after Dunning was Henry Steele, who bought the land in 1931. At this time, Bloomington was prospering greatly, and Steele chose to subdivide 6 acre of his land to create a neighborhood. The resulting community is located primarily along the east-west Third and Fourth Streets and the north-south Fairview and Jackson Streets.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The neighborhood that resulted from Steele&#39;s subdivision consists almost entirely of single-story houses, most of which were built in a "Free Classic" style that resembles the Queen Anne style of architecture. Some of the houses in the neighborhood are older than the neighborhood itself, such as three different double-pen houses that were constructed during the nineteenth century. erected largely for speculative purposes, they were constructed in such a way that they resemble single-family houses. The form of architecture employed for these residences is known as the "T-plan" because of their floor plan that is shaped like that letter; they feature porches on both sides that are separated by a large gable with a pediment.</p><br>
<p>Despite the small size of the neighborhood, its houses were built at different times; some were built in the late nineteenth century, including one from 1880, while others are as late as 1950. In addition, there are eight non-contributing buildings (seven houses and a church building); built at various dates as late as 1962, they are located within the boundaries of the historic district, but are not parts of it. The majority of the properties in the district were constructed in the early twentieth century; most houses on Fourth Street were constructed between 1900 and 1910, and the houses on Third Street were erected in the second quarter of the century. As a result of the different construction dates, the architectural styles of the two streets are different: Fourth Street primarily features the Free Classic style, while most Third Street residences are in the Arts and Crafts style. Among the most historically significant of the houses are the duplexes on Fourth Street (among the city&#39;s first duplexes), the house at 608 Fourth Street that was once home to Bloomington mayor John Hetherington, and the "saddlebag" house at 521 Fourth Street, which was built in 1898. Two Sears Modern Homes and one shotgun house are also found in the district.</p><br>
<h2>Historic assessment</h2><br>
<p>Twenty-five buildings within the districts boundaries qualified as contributing properties — they help to make the district historic. Between 1999 and 2001, historic preservation officials working with the city of Bloomington surveyed the entire city and identified over two thousand buildings that were deemed to be historic to one extent or another, including the twenty-five in Steele Dunning. These buildings were divided into three classifications: Outstanding, Notable, and Contributing. Properties rated as "Outstanding" were deemed to be historically significant enough to deserve consideration for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places by themselves; "Notable" properties were worthy of special consideration, although not likely to be worthy of individual National Register status; "Contributing" locations were seen as significant parts of their historic districts, but not of great significance by themselves. One of Steele Dunnings contributing properties (the "saddlebag" house) received an "Outstanding" rating, and nine were deemed "Notable;" only fifteen were called "Contributing." The district includes a disproportionately large number of above-average properties: about 13% of the citys sites were named either "Notable" or "Outstanding," in contrast to 40% of those in Steele Dunning. In late 2000, the entire district was listed on the National Register, qualifying both because of its place in the regions history and because of its historically significant architecture. Like the city-designated district, the federally designated district includes twenty-five buildings; however, it also includes two structures, which were not included in the city&#39;s designation.</p><br>
<h3>Table of contributing buildings</h3><br>
<p>Drum Hill High School, which was readapted for use as Drum Hill Senior Living Community, is a historic school located at Peekskill, Westchester County, New York, United States. It was built between 1909 and 1911 and is a three-story, E-shaped, gray buff pressed brick building in the Classical Revival style. It features an elaborate light court. It remained in use as a school until 1972. It was later developed into a senior living community.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Ford Administration Building is a historic school located at Peekskill, Westchester County, New York. It was built in 1925 and is a two-story, I-shaped, red brick building in the Colonial Revival style. It features a central portico with four Doric order columns. The slate covered hipped roof is topped by a cupola. It houses the 500-seat Ford Auditorium. It was built for the Peekskill Military Academy  and is the last significant structure remaining from the academy.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Cox Farmhouse is a historic home located at Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York. It was built in the mid- to late-18th century and expanded and remodeled in 1843. It is a -story, L-shaped, stone-and-brick dwelling in the Greek Revival style. It is five bays wide and two bays deep and is topped by a gable roof. It features an elaborate, ornamented entrance.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Evergreen Lands is a historic home located at Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York. It was designed by architect John Russell Pope in the Tudor Revival style. It was built about 1932 and is a one to two story dwelling, asymmetrical, with a steeply pitched slate hipped roof. The first story is built of fieldstone, with stucco and half-timbering above. Also on the property are three contributing sheds and a stone wall. The house was built for Laura Delano, a cousin of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was originally intended for use as a caretaker&#39;s cottage for a larger house that was never built.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Lyman House is a historic house at 105 Middlefield Road in Durham, Connecticut. Built about 1774, it is a well-preserved example of late Colonial architecture, regionally unusual for its hip roof. The 1 acre property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Thomas Lyman House is located in a rural setting northwest of Durham center, on the east side of Middlefield Road (Connecticut Route 147) just north of a stream crossing. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with two chimneys, a hip roof and two front dormers, and is oriented facing south. The front entry is sheltered by a small Doric-columned porch. A -story ell extends to the east, covered by a bellcast gabled roof. Windows are twelve-over-twelve sash, and the second story has a slight overhang over the first. The interior follows a typical colonial-era central hall plan.</p><br>
<p>The house was built c. 1774 by Thomas Lyman IV on land purchased by his father in 1709. It is locally unusual for its hip roof, which is not normally found on houses of the period. Lyman, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, is said to have been friends with Thomas Jefferson and to have entertained Lafayette in this house several times. He was also active in civic affairs, serving on a state constitutional convention in 1830. After his death, the house passed through several generations of Lyman descendants.</p><br>
<p>The Captain Benjamin Williams House, also known as deKoven House or DeKoven Community Center, is a historic house at 27 Washington Street in Middletown, Connecticut. Built in the late 18th century, it is a particularly fine example of late Georgian architecture, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It is now owned and operated by the Rockfall Foundation and operated as a community center.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Captain Benjamin Williams House stands just east of downtown Middletown, at the southwest corner of Washington Street and deKoven Drive. It is an L-shaped two-story brick structure, its original main block set close to Washington Street and facing north. It is covered by a hip roof, with two chimneys rising behind the main ridge line. The main facade is five bays wide, with a symmetrical placement of sash windows around the centered entrance. Windows are capped by brownstone lintels, and the building corners are finished with brownstone quoining. The main entrance features a doorway with half-round fanlight, and a gabled portico supported by slender round columns. The main roof&#39;s cornice has dentil moulding, and its front face is pierced by three dormers, with peaked or semicircular gables.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in the 1790s for Benjamin Williams, a well-to-do sea captain (Middletown was then a major shipping center in trade with the West Indies). Williams died in 1812, and his heirs sold the house to Henry deKoven. It remained in the hands of his descendants until 1942, during which time it was converted to professional use. It underwent a major restoration by architectural historian J. Frederick Kelly shortly before its donation to the Rockfall Foundation.</p><br>
<p>It is "Middletown Heritage Trail Site 4" in a walking trail.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Ambrose Pratt House is a historic house on Pratt Street in Chester, Connecticut. Built in 1820, it is a fine example of high-style Federal architecture, with a long history of associate with the locally prominent Pratt family. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dr. Ambrose Pratt House is located in a secluded setting at the end of Pratt Street. This is not its original location, which was facing nearby Connecticut Route 154; it was moved from that location, with its foundation and chimney, in 1966. It is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a side-gable roof and a large central chimney. It has an imposing Federal style facade, where the central bay is dominated by a large oval spider-glass window above the entrance. The main entry is sheltered by a portico supported by paired Doric columns, with small modillions lining the fully pedimented gable. The entry is flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters, which echo pilasters at the building corners. The doorway is topped by a semi-oval fanlight window, as are the sidelights. The interior has well-preserved high-quality woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1820 for Abram Mitchell, a local man who apparently made a small fortune speculating on Continental currency after the American Revolutionary War. The principal builder was Samuel Silliman, a locally well-known master carver. The house belonged to members of the locally prominent Pratt family for many years. Dr. Ambrose Pratt was given the house in 1844 by his father-in-law at the time of his marriage.</p><br>
<p>The Grimes Octagon Barn is an historic building located near West Union in rural Fayette County, Iowa, United States. It was built by Joe Butler in 1880 for M.W. Grimes. The building is an octagon that measures 65 ft in diameter. It is one of 14 known 19th-century octagon barns that still exist on an Iowa farm. The barn features red metal siding, a roof composed of wedge-shaped sections and a hay dormer. The sectional roof marks it as a Stewart type that was named for the New York farmer and agricultural editor Elliott W. Stewart, who designed the prototype in 1874. The barn has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Elk Rapids Township Hall is a former government building located on River Street in Elk Rapids, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1973 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. The building was refurbished, and as of 2020, the building served as a rental space and performance venue known as HERTH Hall .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of the Township Hall is near the location that Abram Wadsworth, the first white settler in the area, lived. By the 1880s, Elk Rapids was a prosperous community that needed a permanent meeting place. The Township Hall was constructed in 1883 from a design by local architect Charles Peale. From the beginning, it was designed to serve both governmental and social functions, housing the town government and containing performance space. The hall hosted plays and vaudeville performances, and in the 1940s it was used as a school gymnasium and auditorium.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, demolition of the Township Hall was discussed, but voted down. In 1967, demolition was again discussed, but by 1972, the decision had been made to restore it. In 1974, the Elk Rapids Area Historical Society formed and began a restoration program.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Elk Rapids Township Hall is a rectangular, single-story structure, constructed of buff-colored brick with a mansard roof. It measures approximately 38 ft by 100 ft, topped by a mansard roof. The entrance is reached through a modern rectangular vestibule addition. The side walls have round-arch windows with stepped buttress piers. Inside, the main hall seats approximately 180 guests, with the stage retaining its early twentieth-century valley scene.</p><br>
<p>After extensive renovation, HERTH Hall is a venue available to rent for wedding events, reunions, concerts, parties and more.</p><br>
<p>Doris is a sailing yacht, which has also been known as Astarte, Huntress, and Vayu, in Deep River, Connecticut that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. She was designed by Nathanael Herreshoff, who designed five Americas Cup defender yachts and who also was the main architect of the Americas Cup rule change called the Universal Rule. That rule allowed for displacement as well as length and sail area to be included in a formula defining yacht eligibility, and enabled more "sea-kindly" and roomier yachts to be competitive. The vessel known as Doris was constructed with a primary emphasis on speed and novelty, representing an avant-garde design that was highly appreciated in her era. She participated in a plethora of prestigious regattas and races, including the Annual Cruise of the New York Yacht Club and the Newport-Bermuda Race, showcasing her remarkable agility and endurance.</p><br>
<p>As the years went by, Doris was passed from owner to owner, each making alterations and updates to the vessel in various ways. In 1984, her tremendous contributions to the world of yachting were recognized when she was inscribed into the National Register of Historic Places. Doris remains an exceptional and precious manifestation of Herreshoff&#39;s oeuvre, and she is adored by sailing enthusiasts and historians worldwide. Previously, America Cup racers were often "either sleek and fast, but had unseaworthy characteristics, or scow-like vessels which were cumbersome but safe and able passage-makers." She is said to be the first boat built under the Universal Rule.</p><br>
<p>Built in Bristol, Rhode Island, in 1904, by the Herreshoff Manufacturing Co., Doris is the largest all-wood vessel ever built by the firm. The ship was commissioned by S. Reed Anthony, a founding partner of investment banking firm Tucker, Anthony & Co., who paid $18,000. She soon proved her worth, as Doris "... proved to be a sensation in the yachting world when she defeated Gloriana, an earlier Herreshoff design built in 1891 and reported to be the fastest sailing vessel of her day, in a series of match races off Marblehead, Massachusetts." The ship is also unusual for two construction details. Herreshoff employed metal hanging knees instead of the more traditional sheer clamp, and Doris is the only boat to possess what Herreshoff called "belt" or "web frames", whereby oak frames were bent "over the ceiling".</p><br>
<p>Although originally rigged as a gaff-sloop/cutter, the rigging was changed prior to the 1932 Bermuda Race. This proved to be advantageous, as the yacht led the race "for a good part of the race before light winds gave favor to the smaller vessels."</p><br>
<p>Over the years Doris has gone under a number of names. Under Lawrence Reeve, she was referred to as Astarte from 1934. She was renamed Huntress in 1937 under new owners and became Vayu when purchased by Richard Hart in 1940. James Mercanti purchased Vayu from Frederic B. Smith of Winthrop, Massachusetts. The ship remained as Vayu under the next owner, Jim Mercanti, who had the boat between 1957 and 1975, before coming into the possession of David Revenaugh. Under Brian Amble, who owned the boat from 2001 until at least 2007, she was known once more by her original name, Doris.</p><br>
<p>At its NRHP listing in 1984, the yacht was located in the Connecticut River off River Rd., Deep River, Connecticut, but it was expected to be moved for an upcoming restoration. Latest information is that the ship is owned by Crocker&#39;s Boatyard in New London, Connecticut. According to the Herreshoff Registry, the ship "is currently in poor condition and is in imminent danger of being cut up."</p><br>
<p>Original construction drawings for much of the ship are preserved in the collection at the Hart Nautical Museum, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</p><br>
<p>She is currently under restoration by David Snediker at Snediker Yacht Restoration.</p><br>
<p>Fredenburg House is a historic home located at Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York, located about one and one-half miles south of the village and west of Route 9.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area was originally owned by Nicholas Emigh; it was called "Bocke Bush" or Beech Woods. Emigh eventually settled in the town of Beekman, where larger farms were available. The house later came into the possession of the Fredenburg family, before being purchased by the Livingstons.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>It was built about 1716 and is a -story, rectangular, gable-roofed farmhouse built into a slight hillside. It is an example of 18th-century regional vernacular German architecture. The garret level contained a domed section of the chimney that served as a meat smoking chamber.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Heermance House and Law Office is a historic home located at Rhinecliff, Dutchess County, New York. Located on the property is a cottage, built about 1858 in the Picturesque Italianate style; the Gothic-inspired law office building, built about 1886; and a garage, built about 1900. The house is a two-story, three bay building with a broad picturesque verandah, ornamental brackets, and pierced woodwork. It has a long, two story, gable roofed rear wing. The law office building is a small, one story frame structure sheathed in clapboard.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>J. W. Moore House is a historic home located at Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York. It was built about 1850 and is a -story, cruciform-plan building with board-and-batten siding and a cross-gable roof, built into a hillside and features a number of eclectic-Picturesque design elements. Also on the property is a contributing barn, carriage house, and well with well house.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Mansakenning is a historic home located at Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York. It was built about 1903 and is a Georgian-inspired manor house. It is a rectangular, two to three story stone dwelling with a hipped roof and built into a hillside. The five bay wide building features a hipped roof entrance porch supported by paired Doric order columns. Also on the property are a contributing barn, carriage house, two sheds, and a guest cottage.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Sands Estate was a historic home located at Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York. The house was built about 1796 and is a -story, brick filled wood-frame building, with a gable roof and sheathed in clapboard. It sat on an extant stone foundation and measured five bays wide by four deep. Also on the property were a contributing -story frame cottage and four frame farm outbuildings, including a Dutch barn.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. as a result of a 1999 fire that left only the foundation. It did so in August of that year.</p><br>
<p>Sipperly-Lown Farmhouse is a historic home located at Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York. The farmhouse was built about 1868 and is a one and one half to two story frame cruciform plan building in a picturesque, Gothic style. It features a variety of late Victorian era, eclectic wood ornamentation. Also on the property are a contributing barn, Dutch barn built about 1800, machine shed, and a corn crib.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Jan Pier House is a historic home located at Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York. The farmhouse was built about 1761 and remodeled about 1881 in a Second Empire style. It is a one- to two story, asymmetrical stone building built into a hillside. It features a Mansard roof sheathed in polychrome slate. Also on the property are two contributing barns, a smoke house, wellhouse / well, and a cistern.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Progue House is a historic home located at Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York. It was built about 1763, and is a 2-story, stone building built into a hillside. It has a -story saltbox-style side wing. It is an example of a vernacular German stone farmhouse of the 18th century. Also on the property are a contributing barn, four sheds, and a privy. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The James Hazelton House, also known as the Hazelton-Hayden House, is a historic house at 23 Hayden Hill Road in Haddam, Connecticut. With a construction history dating to about 1720, it is one of the town&#39;s oldest buildings, with a long history of ownership by a single prominent local family. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, and is a contributing property in the Haddam Center Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The James Hazelton House is located north of the town center of Haddam, on the west side of Hayden Hill Road a short way south of its junction with Walkley Hill Road. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. Its main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance, flanked by slightly asymmetrically placed windows. The interior of the house exhibits finishes and alterations from a wide variety of dates, most notably from the early and late 18th century.</p><br>
<p>The houses oldest portion, the southern end, was built by James Hazelton (1694–1773), an early settler of the Haddam area, in about 1720, and was widened in about 1780 and the rear leanto section added. Hazeltons son had no children, and willed the property to a "kinsman" (thought to be either a close friend or distant relation), John Hayden, and his son Arnold Hazelton Hayden, in the early 19th century. The house remained in the Hayden family at least into the late 20th century. A -story ell was added to the rear in the 19th century. The house is a well-preserved example of a late First Period house, with a well-preserved evolutionary history.</p><br>
<p>Stonecrest is a historic home located at Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York. It was built about 1905, and is a two-story, stone and frame Shingle Style asymmetrical building. It features a gambrel roof pierced by variety of irregularly placed gables and dormers and a wraparound verandah. Also on the property is a contributing carriage house.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Traver House is a historic home located at Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York. It was built about 1730 and enlarged about 1790. It is a one to two story, stone and frame building built into a hillside. It has a slate covered gable roof. Also on the property are a contributing well / well house and stone retaining wall.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>J. E. Traver Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The late-Federal style farmhouse dates to the 1790s, with modifications in 1849 and additions in the late-19th and early 20th centuries. It is a two-story, frame, five bay center hall plan dwelling on a fieldstone foundation. It features late-19th century picturesque ornamentation and a one-story, hipped roof verandah. Also on the property are a two contributing barns and a wagon shed.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Van Vredenburg Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York. The farmhouse was built about 1830 and is a -story, five-bay frame building in the Greek Revival style. The main block is flanked by -story wings. It is topped by a gable roof and sits on a raised stone foundation. It features a 1-story, hipped roof front porch with open woodwork and cross motif dated to the 1880s. Also on the property are a contributing barn, two sheds, a well, two cisterns, and a wagon house.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Williams Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York. The farmhouse was built about 1835 and is a -story, five-bay frame building in the Greek Revival style. It is topped by a gable roof and sits on a slightly raised stone foundation. It features a 1-story, flat-roof front porch with square, Doric order columns. Also on the property are three contributing barns, two stone walls, a pond / dam, and a guest cottage.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Edward T. Archibald House is a historic farmhouse in Dundas, Minnesota, United States. The private home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  on June 17, 1976. Built in the 1860s, the farmhouse is significant for its association with the prominent miller Edward T. Archibald, whose nearby Archibald Mill was an important mill in the history of Minnesota&#39;s flour milling industry.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Edward T. Archibald House is located on the southwest corner of 2nd Street and Hamilton Street in Dundas. The structure is a two-story wood frame structure built in a simple clapboard-sided Greek Revival architecture with a gable roof. It originally had a service wing, but only the main portion of the house remains. The property also once included a wood frame stable carriage barn, but it was later demolished and replaced by neighboring homes.</p><br>
<h2>History and significance</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally built by Lorenzo Hamblin in the 1860s. Edward T. Archibald purchased the property and lived there from 1867 until 1885. Archibald&#39;s work in milling garnered him attention in trade publications of his time as "The man or firm who takes the leading place among flour makers of this country or of the world."</p><br>
<p>Though there were settlers before them, brothers John Sidney and Edward T., along with their cousin George Archibald were responsible for founding Dundas in 1867; they named it after their hometown of Dundas, Ontario, Canada. They built mills on both sides of the Cannon River.</p><br>
<p>Due to the great care that was taken in its manufacture, flour from the Archibald Mill was recognized as the best in the United States. "Dundas straight", as it became known, was sold for $1.00 or more per barrel in New York City and Boston markets than the flours produced in Minneapolis. As a result, Minneapolis millers would come down to Dundas to study the Archibald Mill.</p><br>
<p>A progressive miller, John Sidney imported three barrels of Red Fife wheat from Canada; the Archibalds developed the seed into the No. 1 hard spring wheat that revolutionized farming in Minnesota. Before 1860, the wheat grown in the United States was soft winter wheat, but spring wheat was better suited to the soil. What initially prevented spring wheat from wide adoption was its characteristic flinty quality and high middlings content. Under the low grinding process used before 1870, the wheats hardness caused the mash to heat and its thin brittle bran filled the flour with specks that discolored the flour. To fix this issue, millstones in their mills were run at a lower speed and were set higher so as to simply crack the kernel at the first grinding. It was then put through several grindings. The purpose was to make middlings the most valuable part of the product, as gluten was found in the middlings and provided nutrition and gave bread its rising quality. The Archibalds mills would later be among the first to adopt the middlings purifier, developed in Minneapolis, which allowed for large scale production of the higher gluten flour.</p><br>
<p>Recognizing the need to rise to the competition of Minneapolis mills, Edward T. Archibald made further improvements. In 1879, he remodeled the mills to use rollers, also known as the "Hungarian milling process", which increased productivity while maintaining quality. The Archibald Mill was among the first to use the roller system in its entirety. At this time the mills were at their peak in notability and importance in the flour milling world.</p><br>
<p>Edward T. Archibald moved to nearby Northfield in 1885. The mill complex burned down on New Year&#39;s Eve in 1892 and was immediately rebuilt. It burned down again in 1914, was rebuilt and sold as the industry began to decline. The patents involved were sold to what is now General Mills.</p><br>
